A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces over a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are mostly utilized to hide floor and roof construction. They have been favoured points for decorating from the earliest times: either in painting the flat surface, by bringing out the structural members of roof or floor, or by treating it as a surface for an overall pattern of relief.

Little is known of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were designed richly with relief and painting, as is shown by the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the general tendency to bring out structural areas decoratively then led to the instigation of the beamed ceiling, in which big cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being richly chamfered and molded and generally painted in attractive colours.

During the Renaissance, ceiling design was progressed to its highest tip of uniqueness and difference. Three types were further developed. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the delicate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far exceeded their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were created, with their edges intricately carved and the field of each coffer marked with a rosette. The second type consisted of ceilings entirely or partially vaulted, mostly with arched intersections, with painted bands foregrounding the architectural design and with pictures covering the remainder of the space. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a prime illustration of this. In the Baroque period, fantastic figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also used to decorate ceilings of this kind. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style showcase this. In the third sort, which was especially coined of Venice, the ceiling became a large framed picture, as seen in the Doges’ Palace.

In modern day architecture ceilings can be split into two major varieties — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at some distance under the structural members, some architects have sought to conceal great amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. The large part of suspended ceilings utilize a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, emphasizing the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, delight in revealing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Because of this trend, some structural systems have been created that have a deliberately expressive power in themselves and make for popular ceilings.

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